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What Are Inhalants?
What
Are the Short- and Long-Term Effects of Inhalant Use?
Q:
What Are Inhalants?
A: Inhalants are volatile substances that produce chemical vapours that can
be inhaled to induce a psychoactive, or mind-altering, effect. Although
other abused substances can be inhaled, the term "inhalants" is used to
describe a variety of substances whose main common characteristic is that
they are rarely, if ever, taken by any route other than inhalation.
This definition encompasses a broad range of chemicals found in hundreds of
different products that may have different pharmacological effects. As a
result, precise categorization of inhalants is difficult. One classification
system lists four general categories of inhalants-volatile solvents,
aerosol, gases, and nitrites-based on the form in which they are often found
in household, industrial, and medical products.
Volatile solvents are liquids that vaporize at room temperatures. They are
found in a multitude of inexpensive, easily available products used for
common household and industrial purposes. These include paint thinners and
removers, dry-cleaning fluids, degreasers, gasoline, glues, correction
fluids, and felt-tip marker fluids.
Aerosols are sprays that contain propellants and solvents. They include
spray paints, deodorant and hair sprays, vegetable oil sprays for cooking,
and fabric protector sprays.
Gases include medical anaesthetics as well as gases used in household or
commercial products. Medical aesthetic gases include ether, chloroform,
halothane, and nitrous oxide, commonly called "laughing gas." Nitrous oxide
is the most abused of these gases and can be found in whipped cream
dispensers and products that boost octane levels in racing cars. Household
or commercial products containing gases include butane lighters, propane
tanks, whipped cream dispensers, and refrigerants.
Nitrites often are considered a special class of inhalants. Unlike most
other inhalants, which act directly on the central nervous system (CNS),
nitrites act primarily to dilate blood vessels and relax the muscles. And
while other inhalants are used to alter mood, nitrites are used primarily as
sexual enhancers.
Amyl nitrite is used in certain diagnostic procedures and is prescribed to
some patients for heart pain. Illegally diverted ampoules of amyl nitrite
are called "poppers" or "snappers" on the street. Butyl nitrite is an
illegal substance that is often packaged and sold in small bottles also
referred to as "poppers."
Q:
What Are
the Short- and Long-Term Effects of Inhalant Use?
A: Although the chemical substances
found in inhalants may produce various pharmacological effects, most
inhalants produce a rapid high that resembles alcohol intoxication with
initial excitation, then drowsiness, disinhibition, light-headedness, and
agitation. If sufficient amounts are inhaled, nearly all solvents and gases
produce anaesthesia, a loss of sensation and even unconsciousness.
The chemicals found in solvents, aerosol sprays, and gases can produce a
variety of additional effects during or shortly after use. These effects are
related to inhalant intoxication and may include belligerence, apathy,
impaired judgment, and impaired functioning in work or social situations.
Dizziness, drowsiness, slurred speech, lethargy, depressed reflexes, general
muscle weakness, and stupor are other possible effects.
For example, research shows that toluene can produce headache, euphoria,
giddy feelings, and inability to coordinate movements. Exposure to high
doses can cause confusion and delirium. Nausea and vomiting are other common
side effects.
Inhaled nitrites dilate blood vessels, increase heart rate, and produce a
sensation of heat and excitement that can last for several minutes. Other
effects can include flush, dizziness, and headache. Unlike other inhalants,
which are abused mainly for their intoxicating effects, nitrites are abused
primarily because they are believed to enhance sexual pleasure and
performance.
A strong need to continue using inhalants has been reported among many
individuals, particularly those who abuse inhalants for prolonged periods
over many days. Compulsive use and a mild withdrawal syndrome can occur with
long-term inhalant abuse.
Additional symptoms exhibited by long-term inhalant abusers include weight
loss, muscle weakness, disorientation, and inattentiveness, lack of
coordination, irritability, and depression.
In South Africa, abuse of this group
of drugs is found most commonly amongst street children and adolescents in
trouble. With the increasing number of AIDS orphans, an increase in abuse
of these chemicals is expected.
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